Cultura China-Chinese Culture

Cuando los manchúes establecieron la dinastía Qing en toda China en 1644, trajeron un sistema nuevo de división administrativa que incluía las banderas (旗, qí) (división todavía usada en la región autónoma china de Mongolia Interior), debido a lo cual fueron conocidos como qiren (旗人, qí rén), "las gentes de las banderas". Posteriormente surgió un vestido, utilizado por hombres y mujeres, recto y de una sola pieza, que se denominó qipao, "vestido de la bandera". Normalmente era de seda, adornado con cordones en las mangas y en el cuello, y se hizo popular en el palacio imperial y entre los nobles. Los chinos de etnia han fueron obligados, bajo pena de muerte, a vestir la nueva ropa en lugar de la suya tradicional, y así, durante los siguientes trescientos años se convirtió en la vestimenta china por excelencia, sobreviviendo incluso a la revolución de Xinhai, que en 1911 acabó con la dinastía Qing y estableció la República de China. Desde entonces, con pocos cambios, el qipao se ha convertido en la vestimenta arquetípica de los chinos. (wiki)

When the Manchu ruled China during the Qing Dynasty, certain social strata emerged. Among them were the Banners (qí), mostly Manchu, who as a group were called Banner People (旗人 pinyin: qí rén). Manchu women typically wore a one-piece dress that retrospectively came to be known as the qípáo (旗袍, Manchu: sijigiyan or banner gown). The generic term for both the male and the female forms of Manchu dress, essentially similar garments, was chángpáo (長袍). The qipao fitted loosely and hung straight down the body, or flared slightly in an A-line. Under the dynastic laws after 1636, all Han Chinese in the banner system were forced to wear a queue and dress in Manchurian qipao instead of traditional Han Chinese clothing (剃发易服), under penalty of death (along with the July 1645 edict (the "haircutting order") that forced all adult Han Chinese men to shave the front of their heads and comb the remaining hair into a queue, on pain of death). Until 1911, the changpao was required clothing for Chinese men of a certain class, but Han Chinese women continued to wear loose jacket and trousers, with an overskirt for formal occasions. The qipao was a new fashion item for Han Chinese women when they started wearing it around 1925.

The original qipao was wide and loose. It covered most of the woman's body, revealing only the head, hands, and the tips of the toes. The baggy nature of the clothing also served to conceal the figure of the wearer regardless of age. With time, though, the qipao were tailored to become more form fitting and revealing. The modern version, which is now recognized popularly in China as the "standard" qipao, was first developed in Shanghai in the 1920s, partly under the influence of Beijing styles. People eagerly sought a more modernized style of dress and transformed the old qipao to suit their tastes. Slender and form fitting with a high cut, it had great differences from the traditional qipao. However, it was high-class courtesans and celebrities in the city that would make these redesigned tight fitting qipao popular at that time.^[3] In Shanghai it was first known as zansae or "long dress" (長衫—Mandarin Chinese: chángshān; Shanghainese: zansae; Cantonese: chèuhngsāam), and it is this name that survives in English as the "cheongsam". (wiki)